Mutualism

Commensalism

• Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.

• Commensalism, in biology, a relationship between two species in which one obtains benefits from the other without harming or benefiting it.

Parasitism

Competition

• Parasitism, relationship between two species of plants or animals in which one benefits at the expense of the other, sometimes without killing the host organism.

• Competition occurs when two organisms compete for the same limited resource. The resource may be a prey species, water, or soil nutrients. A competition symbiotic relationship limits the reproductive success of each species, meaning neither benefits.

Aspect

Details

Origin

It was signed in Bonn, Germany, on 23 June 1979

Description

It is also known as the Bonn Convention. This is an environmental treaty under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme.

Objective

To provide a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats.

Governance

The Conference of Parties (COP) is the decision-making organ of this convention

Is it legally binding?

Activities by CMS Parties may range from legally binding treaties (called Agreements) to less formal instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding.

Type of appendices

Appendix I lists endangered migratory species and includes prohibitions regarding the take of these species.

Appendix II lists species that have an ‘unfavourable conservation status’  and encourages range states to draft range-wide agreements for conservation and management of these species.

Some important points

1) It is the only global and UN-based intergovernmental organisation. established exclusively for the conservation and management of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their range.

2) It acknowledges the importance of conserving migratory species.

Green Box

Amber Box

Blue Box

1. It includes subsidies that do not significantly distort trade.

2. They are not specific to particular products and are generally allowed by the WTO.

3. Examples include funding for research, environmental protection, and direct income support for farmers facing difficulties like crop loss or other disasters.

1. These are the subsidies that distort international trade by promoting excessive production.

2. Examples include, input subsidies such as subsidies on seeds, fertilisers, Minimum Support Price (MSP) etc.

3. WTO limits this subsidy by capping it at 5% for developed countries & 10% for developing countries.

1. These subsidies are similar to amber box subsidies, but they aim to restrict production.

2. Currently, only a few countries like Norway and Iceland utilize these subsidies.

3. The WTO does not impose any limits on these subsidies.